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The verb is used as a technical term for conveying “greetings” at the close of a letter,
often by an amanuensis, e.g., Rom. 16:22, the only instance of the use of the first person
in this respect in the NT; see also 1 Cor. 16:19, 20; 2 Cor. 13:13; Phil. 4:22; Col. 4:10-15;
1 Thess. 5:26; 2 Tim. 4:21; Titus 3:15; Philem. 23; Heb. 13:24; 1 Pet. 5:13, 14; 2 John
13. This special use is largely illustrated in the papyri, one example of this showing how
keenly the absence of the greeting was felt. The papyri also illustrate the use of the
addition “by name,” when several persons are included in the greeting, as in 3 John 14
(Moulton and Milligan,
F
). See
EMBRACE
,
LEAVE
,
SALUTE
.
2.
(
&$
, 5463), “to rejoice,” is thrice used as a formula of salutation in Acts
15:23,
KJV
, “send greeting,”
RV
, “greeting”; so 23:26; Jas. 1:1. In 2 John 10, 11, the
RV
substitutes the phrase (to give) “greeting,” for the
KJV
(to bid) “God speed.” See
FAREWELL
,
GLAD
,
HAIL
,
JOY
,
REJOICE
.
B. Noun.
(
, 783), a salutation, is always so rendered in the
RV
;
KJV
,
“greetings” in Matt. 23:7; Luke 11:43; 20:46, it is used (a) orally in those instances and in
Mark 12:38; Luke 1:29, 41, 44; (b) in written salutations, 1 Cor. 16:21 (cf. A, No. 1, in v.
20); Col. 4:18; 2 Thess. 3:17.¶
GRIEF, GRIEVE
A. Noun.
$
(
"
, 3077) signifies “pain,” of body or mind; it is used in the plural in 1 Pet.
2:19 only,
RV
, “griefs” (
KJV
, “grief”); here, however, it stands, by metonymy, for “things
that cause sorrow, grievances”; hence Tyndale’s rendering, “grief,” for Wycliffe’s
“sorews”; everywhere else it is rendered “sorrow,” except in Heb. 12:11, where it is
translated “grievous” (lit., “of grief”). See
HEAVINESS
,
SORROW
.
B. Verbs.
1.
$
(
!
, 3076), akin to A, denotes (a), in the active voice, “to cause pain, or
grief, to distress, grieve,” e.g., 2 Cor. 2:2 (twice, active and passive voices); v. 5 (twice),
RV
, “hath caused sorrow” (
KJV
, “have caused grief,” and “grieved”); 7:8, “made (you)
sorry”; Eph. 4:30, of grieving the Holy Spirit of God (as indwelling the believer); (b) in
the passive voice, “to be grieved, to be made sorry, to be sorry, sorrowful,” e.g., Matt.
14:9,
RV
, “(the king) was grieved” (
KJV
, “was sorry”); Mark 10:22,
RV
, “(went away)
sorrowful” (
KJV
, “grieved”); John 21:17, “(Peter) was grieved”, Rom. 14:15, “(if … thy
brother) is grieved”; 2 Cor. 2:4, “(not that) ye should be made sorry,”
RV
,
KJV
, “ye should
be grieved.” See
HEAVINESS
,
SORROW
,
SORROWFUL
,
SORRY
.
2.
$ $
(
!
, 4818), or
$ $
, is used in the passive voice in Mark 3:5,
“to be grieved” or afflicted together with a person, said of Christ’s “grief” at the hardness
of heart of those who criticized His healing on the Sabbath day; it here seems to suggest
the sympathetic nature of His grief because of their self-injury. Some suggest that the
$
indicates the mingling of “grief” with His anger.¶
3.
(
1
, 4727), “to groan” (of an inward, unexpressed feeling of sorrow),
is translated “with grief” in Heb. 13:17 (marg. “groaning”). It is rendered “sighed” in
Mark 7:34; “groan,” in Rom. 8:23; 2 Cor. 5:2, 4; “murmur,” in Jas. 5:9,
RV
(
KJV
,
“grudge”). See
GROAN
,
MURMUR
,
SIGH
.¶