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A. Noun.
(
, 3701), “silver; money; price; property.” This word has cognates in
Akkadian, Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Aramaic. It occurs about 402 times in biblical
Hebrew and in all periods.
This word represents the “metal ore silver”: “Take away the dross from the silver, and
there shall come forth a vessel for the finer” (Prov. 25:4; cf. Job 28:1).
may signify the “metal silver,” or what has been refined from silver ore: “And
the servant brought forth jewels of silver, and jewels of gold …” (Gen. 24:53). As a
precious metal “silver” was not as valuable as gold—probably because it is not so rare:
“And all king Solomon’s drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the house
of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold; none were of silver: it was nothing accounted
of in the days of Solomon” (1 Kings 10:21).
“Silver” was often a form of wealth. This is the meaning of
in Gen. 13:2 (the
first biblical occurrence): “And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold.”
Silver pieces (not coins) were used as money: “Then Joseph commanded to fill their
sacks with corn, and to restore every man’s money into his sack …” (Gen. 42:25).
Frequently the word absolutely (by itself) and in the singular form means “pieces of
silver”: “Behold, I have given thy brother a thousand pieces of silver …” (Gen. 20:16). In
Lev. 25:50 the word is used in the general sense of “money, value, price”: “And he shall
reckon with him that bought him from the year that he was sold to him unto the year of
jubilee: and the price of his sale shall be according unto the number of years.…”
Since it was a form of wealth, “silver” often was one of the spoils of war: “The kings
came, they fought; … they got no spoils of silver” (Judg. 5:19,
RSV
).
This word may be used in the sense of “valuable property”: “Notwithstanding, if he
[the slave who has been beaten] continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is
his money” (Exod. 21:21).
sometimes represents the color “silver”: “Though ye have lain among the pots,
yet shall ye be as the wings of a dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow
gold” (Ps. 68:13).
B. Verb.
means “to long for.” Some scholars derive
from this verb which occurs
5 times in the biblical text.
means “to long for” in the sense of “to be pale by
reason of longing”: “And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because thou sore
longedst after thy father’s house, yet wherefore hast thou stolen my gods?” (Gen. 31:30).
SIN
A. Nouns.
(
(
&/
, 205), “iniquity; vanity; sorrow.” Some scholars believe that this term
has cognates in the Arabic words
, (“to be fatigued, tired”) and
$
(“weakness;
sorrow; trouble”), or with the Hebrew word
(“nothingness”). This relationship
would imply that
(
means the absence of all that has true worth; hence, it would
denote “moral worthlessness,” as in the actions of wrongdoing, evil devising, or false
speaking.