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The Septuagint translations are:
(“reproach; reviling; disgrace; insult”)
and
(“disgrace; reproach; insult”). The KVJ gives these translations: “reproach;
shame; rebuke.”
B. Verb.
(
, 2778), “to say sharp things, reproach.” The root with the meaning “to
be sharp” is found in Northwest and South Semitic languages. In Hebrew the verb refers
to a manner of speech, i.e., to reproach someone. The word appears about 50 times in the
Old Testament, once in Ps. 42:10: “As with a sword in my bones, mine enemies reproach
me; while they say daily unto me, Where is thy God?”
TO REPROVE
(
'
, 3198), “to decide, prove, convince, judge.” As in biblical Hebrew, this
verb is found in modern Hebrew primarily in the causative forms. It occurs some 60
times in the text of the Hebrew Bible. The first occurrence of the word is in Gen. 20:16,
where the
KJV
translates: “… She was reproved.” The context indicates, however, that
Abraham, Sarah’s husband, deserved being “reproved” in our modern meaning of the
word, but that Sarah actually was “cleared” (
NASB
).
It is evident in most of the uses of
that there is a value judgment involved, as
in Ps. 50:21: “… I will reprove thee, and [lay the charge before thee].” Negative
judgments may lead to reproof, especially by God (Job 5:17). Such divine reproof may be
physical: “… I will chasten him with the rod of men …” (2 Sam. 7:14). But it is the
conviction of the wise man that “the Lord reproves him whom he loves” (Prov. 3:12,
RSV
).
TO REST, REMAIN
$
( , 5117), “to rest, remain, be quiet.” This word is common to ancient and
modern Hebrew, as well as ancient Akkadian and Ugaritic. It occurs in the text of the Old
Testament approximately 65 times; the first occurrence is in Gen. 8:4: “And the ark
[came to rest] … upon the mountains of Ararat.” This illustrates the frequent use of this
word to show a physical settling down of something at some particular place. Other
examples are birds (2 Sam. 21:10), insects (Exod. 10:14), and soles of feet in the waters
of the Jordan (Josh. 3:13).
“To rest” sometimes indicates a complete envelopment and thus permeation, as in the
spirit of Elijah “resting” on Elisha (2 Kings 2:15), the hand of God “resting” on the
mountain (Isa. 25:10), and when Wisdom “resteth in the heart of him that hath
understanding” (Prov. 14:33). Frequently
$
means “to be quiet” or “to rest” after
hard work (Exod. 20:11), from onslaught of one’s enemies (Esth. 9:16), from trouble (Job
3:26), and in death (Job 3:17). The word may mean “to set one’s mind at rest,” as when a
child receives the discipline of his parent (Prov. 29:17). Sometimes
$
means “to
leave at rest” or “to allow to remain.” Thus, God “allowed” the pagan nations “to remain”
in Canaan during Joshua’s lifetime (Judg. 2:23). God threatened to abandon the Israelites
in the wilderness (Num. 32:15).
It should be noted that while
$
is used sometimes as a synonym for
, “to
cease, to rest” (Exod. 20:11),
really is basically “to cease” from work which may