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someone had been denied what was due to him. The valued amount defrauded was to be
repaid plus 20 percent (Lev. 5:16; 6:5). Ritual infractions and periods of leprosy and
defilement took from God a commodity or service rightfully belonging to Him and
required repayment plus restitution. Every violation of property rights required paying
full reparation and the restitution
(
6
, 20), percent) to the one violated as well
as presenting the guilt offering to God as the Lord of all (i.e., as a feudal lord over all). If
the offended party was dead, reparation and restitution were made to God (i.e.given to the
priests; Num. 5:5-10). Usually the “guilt offering” consisted of a ram (Lev. 5:15) or a
male lamb. The offerer presented the victim, laying his hands on it. The priest sprinkled
its blood around the altar, burned the choice parts on the altar, and received the rest as
food (Lev. 7:2-7). When a cleansed leper made this offering, blood from the sacrifice was
applied to the man’s right ear, right thumb, and right big toe (Lev. 14:14).
In some passages,
is used of an offense against God and the guilt incurred by
it: “And Abimelech said, What is this thou hast done unto us? One of the people might
lightly have lain with thy wife, and thou shouldest have brought guiltiness upon us” (Gen.
26:10—the first occurrence). There is an added sense here that the party offended would
punish the perpetrator of the crime.
In two verses (Num. 5:7-8),
represents the repayment made to one who has
been wronged: “Then they shall confess their sin which they have done: and he shall
recompense his trespass with the principal thereof, and add unto it the fifth part thereof,
and give it unto him against whom he hath trespassed.” In the Hebrew the word is the
value of the initial thing taken from the injured party, which value is to be returned to
him, i.e., the reparation or restitution itself. This basic idea is extended so that the word
comes to mean a gift made to God to remove guilt (1 Sam. 6:3), or atone for sin (Isa.
53:10) other than the specified offerings to be presented at the altar. (OLIVE) OIL
A. Nouns.
(
, 8081), "(olive) oil; olive; perfume; olivewood.” Cognates of this word
appear in Ugaritic, Akkadian, Phoenician, Syriac, Arabic, and Aramaic. This word
appears about 190 times and in all periods of biblical Hebrew.
-
means olive “oil”: “And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the
stone that he had put for his pillows, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top
of it” (Gen. 28:18). Olive “oil” was also used to anoint a future office bearer (Exod. 25:6;
2 Kings 9:6); one’s head as a sign of mourning (2 Sam. 14:2); one’s head as a sign of
rejoicing (Ps. 23:5); and one’s ear lobe, thumb, and toe as a ritual cleansing (Lev. 14:17).
-
is used as a preservative on shield-leather (2 Sam. 1:21) and in baking (Exod.
29:2) and as a medication (Ezek. 16:9). This “oil” is burned for light (Exod. 25:6). Its
many uses made olive oil a valuable trade item (Ezek. 27:17).
In many contexts
perhaps means the “olive” itself: “… But ye, gather ye
wine, and summer fruits, and oil, and put them in your vessels …” (Jer. 40:10).
Once the word appears to mean lavish dishes, or dishes mixed with much oil: “And in
this mountain shall the Lord of hosts make unto all people a feast of fat things [
NASB
,
“lavish banquet”]” (Isa. 25:6).